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Book Review – Darwin’s Dangerous Idea by Daniel C. Dennett
Feb 11th
The four aitia… That is what Aristotle used as tools of mind in order to fully understand all that is understandable about anything in the universe. For example, you want to know what a hammer is? Well, you’ll just have to ask yourself what is the material cause of this object, or what is it made of; that’s an easy answer: it’s made of wood and iron, maybe cured steel or another high rigidity/resistance metal. After this, you’ll have to ask yourself what is the formal cause of this object called hammer, or what is its architecture, its design, how do all its elements hang on to each other, and what are its most inner workings; for a hammer this shouldn’t be a hard question to answer: the wooden rigid stick, which is tailor made for grabbing with one or two hands, is firmly attached to the metallic compact solid mass which represents the hammer head that comes in many forms and sizes depending on what the hammer was designed to do. And here we are at the third question we might ask about this object, and that is what is its efficient cause, who or what natural or artificial industrial process created this object; that’s an easy answer, right?! Yes, a interesting answer for an interesting question, but not as interesting as the last aitia…
What is the final cause of this object? What’s it made for? Well, even though it was designed for a specific purpose like driving nails, forging metal, fitting parts, and breaking up objects, its reason d’etre could be as various as human nature. Who hasn’t heard about Hell’s Angels favorite weapon, the ball pean hammer?! It’s as sexy and dangerous as it can be useful in the house. This reason d’etre, the purpose, the meaning of things stays at the heart of Dennett’s undertaking. Even though we start with hammers and simple things we will finally dodge the most sacred of mysteries… the origin of man, the meaning of life. How will Dennett manage to derive meaning, purpose from nature’s red in tooth and claw, that’s an answer you’ll find by reading the book. Here, we will skim through the ideas of the thinkers that lived before Darwin which laid down the most beautiful but least understood – by friend or foe – scientific theory that ever existed. Beautiful, but what dreadful implications to our human existence it had!
Hell's Angels Ball-Pean Hammer
For reasons easy to understand, much of the answers about the origin and the meaning of life have been bedeviled by naive assumptions and too much irrational wishful thinking. The why questions have been replaced by how questions with the hope that maybe the answer to the latter one would somehow yield a spark of intellectual brilliance that would solve the conundrums of the first… but what a coward way to avoid answering the main problem this treacherous and avoiding road would prove to be!
How did the thinkers before Darwin explain the complexity of nature? John Locke goes at the heart of what many of today’s uneducated users of science and technology still think it’s common sense. Consider for example his following phrase: “So if we will suppose nothing first, or eternal: Matter can never begin to be: If we suppose bare Mater, without Motion, eternal: Motion can never begin to be: If we suppose only Matter and Motion first, or eternal: Thought can never begin to be. For it is impossible to conceive that Matter either with or without Motion could have originally in and from itself Sense, Perception, and Knowledge, as is evident from hence, that then Sense, Perception, and Knowledge, must be a property eternally inseparable from Matter and every particle of it.”
The simple error in logic of the above statement muddled the meme complex of explanations that tried to explain the reason for man’s existence and for the causes of life and complexity. The fact of the matter is that to assume that something complex must derive from something more complex than the thing we’ve started to explain leads of course to a God that has a creator, this assuming we’re not going to throw away the logic in the middle of the argument; that is, the God of God has a God and so on ’till eternity. What is that? Plain bullshit, if you ask me !
So, we needn’t use this kind of recursivity because the scientific evidence proves that nature works the other way around: complex things evolve from things that are not so complex. It’s more like a construction project coordinated by blind and purposeless forces in which cranes build by nature assemble less complex natural systems into more complex ones that have greater degrees of freedom. We don’t have to postulate sky-hooks, that is, god given metaphysical helping hands that defy scientific explanation, because there is a lot that we can explain without taking this road. As Darwin put it, “from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved”.
DARWIN’S DANGEROUS IDEA – Check Reviews on Amazon.com
DARWIN’S DANGEROUS IDEA – Check Reviews on Amazon.co.uk
Much of Dennett’s book is directed at explaining the above logic, but don’t worry; things start to get more fiery in the end once we start to reverse engineer the most complex of cranes: the memes and their most intricate and time consuming effects on the human mind : the quest for meaning, purpose and the perfect ethical algorithm. This i think, is the most interesting part of the book. Dennett deconstructs the erroneous assumption/intuition that makes us think there is a real meaning, a real purpose in life, a perfect ethical course of action that anyone can take. The reality is that there is no real meaning just like there is no real self, (see here), there is no real purpose in life just because there are no sky-hooks; there are cranes that serve distinct natural systems that have distinct interests which will more than likely conflict with each other. Just like Richard Dawkins put it, in this battle “blind physical forces and genetic replication, some people are going to get hurt, other people are going to get lucky, and you won’t find any rhyme or reason in it, nor any justice. The universe that we observe has precisely the properties we should expect if there is, at bottom, no design, no purpose, no evil, no good, nothing but pitiless indifference.”
Do you want to go deep down the rabbit whole? Then read this book !
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A new marker, the FSH receptor, may detect the earliest forms of precancerous tumors belonging to 11 types of cancer, so that “radiation therapy” or “surgery” could soon become synonymous with “100% cancer cure”
Nov 10th
The Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is responsible in both humans and animals for the growth and development of the germ cells that further morph into the gametes of the respective organisms. It takes part in the dynamics that achieve pubertal maturation and that properly shape the reproductive processes of the body. For this reason the FSH receptor, that is, the membrane receptor responsible for interacting with the FSH, which, by the way, is mainly produced by the anterior pituitary gland, is only to be found in the testicular Sertoli cells, the ovarian Granulosa cells, and in very small quantities in the endothelial cells of the ovary and the testis.
So, besides the Granulosa and Sertoli cells, and the inner layer of cells belonging to the blood vessels of ovaries and testis we shouldn’t find the FSH receptor anywhere else, right? Well, maybe not anywhere else that is not a precancerous tumor. In a new study British researchers proved that the FSH receptor could be used as a new cancer marker in order to detect the earliest forms of precancerous tumors which are the precursors to 11 types of cancer; this could mean that “radiation therapy” or “surgery” might soon become synonymous with “100% cancer cure” if early enough medical exams are undergone. Let’s follow the story!
British Researchers led by the Romanian Nicolae Ghinea, Ph.D., published in the 21 October Issue of The New England Journal of Medicine a new study that examined 1336 tumors of all grades of severity extracted from patients that presented risks or had already developed advanced forms of 11 types of cancer (prostate, breast, colon, pancreas, urinary bladder, kidney, lung, liver, stomach, testis and ovary).
They managed to prove that surrounding each and every tumor examined using three types of distinct techniques was a blood vessel fence whose endothelial cells contained significant quantities of FSH Receptors. Immunohistochemical analysis, immunoblotting, and in situ hybridization methods were used to identify the, approximately, 1mm thick layer of endothelial cells comprising the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor. What is amazing is that the receptor was found in all grades of tumors belonging to 11 types of cancer, making it possible for future advanced imaging techniques to easily localize the earliest forms of precancerous tumors, which afterwards can easily be eliminated through radiation therapy, surgery, and, possibly, by simply blocking the FSH Receptor signaling through medication.
An antibody is a gamma globulin protein that is used by the immune system to detect and cut up the viruses and bacteria that may circulate through blood stream in order to reach different parts of the body. Each and every antibody recognizes its specific target by first identifying its antigen, that is, a protein that is recognized by that antibody. Thus, the antigens of a certain kind will associate (bind) only with their specific antibodies.
In this present case, the FSH Receptor is the antigen. The immunohistochemical analysis is the process used by the researchers to detect the FST Receptor (the antigen) using the above mentioned rule, which says that each antibody will bind to its specific antigen. By supplying the tumorous tissue obtained from 1336 patients with a FSH Receptor antibody, the FSHR323, which was proven by the same researchers to be monospecific, or, to put it more specifically, to be designed to bind only with the FSH Receptor, the scientists observed strong staining (meaning they could observe the presence of FSH Receptors brought to contrast by the binding with the FSHR323 antibody) of a 1 mm thick layer of endothelial cells surrounding the specific cancerous tumor (Figure 1). Immunohistochemical analysis done with two other antibodies, the FSHR190 and the FSHR225, which bind with the FSH Receptor by different means proved similar staining of endothelial cells in all the tumors examined.
In order to further prove the above, scientists also used immunoblotting techniques and in situ hybridization on all the 1336 tumors. Immunoblotting is the technique of detecting the antigens by permitting them to adhere to cellulose sheets and then identifying them by observing through specific methods the staining brought about by their particular antibody. Researchers used two different antibodies for this technique, the FSHR323 and the FSHR18, which detect their specific antigen (the FSH Receptor) by different means. In all cases compelling evidence for the existence of the FSH Receptor was obtained from all specimens.
In situ hybridization is the attempt to by which two strands of DNA or RNA, one being the probe, the other being localized in the tissue of the tumor, are supposedly going to be brought together. If these two strands of nucleic acids are very similar to each other (i.e. they practicably describe the same recipe for the antigen) then they will bind with each other very fast. By observing the speed at which these strands of nucleic acids bind, scientists can make deductions about their similar characteristics. Using in situ hybridization scientists proved the existence of the FSH Receptor RNA in all the tumor tissues examined.
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9/11 thoughts, the Peak Oil linkage, and how to separate the ice cream from the bullshit
Oct 27th
Conspiracy theorists, 9/11 thruthers, or the so called 9/11 debunkers are ready to put their hands into fire in order to make us think they’d proven that the U.S. Government’s leadership is inherently diabolical, ready to succumb to any fiendish plan for the achievement of their global domination and oligarchical nirvana. It just fits too well for them and for any other anyone that doesn’t have an education about causation and statistics, that the predicament of Peak Oil, which we currently start to realize we find ourselves in, kick started the Bush’s administration conspiracy engines and lead it to its most extreme and unimaginable of actions. So let’s analyze this course of actions just like a skeptic would and see if this could ever happen in 2001′s American complex, but faulty, and bureaucratic society.
Several versions of the conspiracies are traveling in the memosphere, but here we’ll tackle the most unlikely one: The Bush Administration & Co meaning the Bush family, Dick Cheney, several bankers, and several CEO’s from petroleum and military corporations managed to pull out a plan for a false flag attack and kill almost 4000 of their own citizens. All this was done in order to take control of the major oil fields in Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, etc. It seems plausible right? The US is running out of cheap oil, so they try to take hold of it right at the source. Additionally, in Iraq, for example, the CIA couldn’t so easily apply CIA’s sponsorship programs in order to corrupt the right kind of politicians and decision makers because of the Saddam Regime. So, after 9/11 the US Administration acted as though it did conspire against its own people by promptly invading Afghanistan and Iraq and securing all their major oil fields. All elements fit too well in the story, so it seems, right?
First of all, the fact that the US Administration acted as though it conspired against its people doesn’t mean it did conspire, but that it just took advantage of that times’ situation. They just profiteered like a hungry hyena would devour a dead carcass when no lions lie around; the dead carcass was of course the result of another animal’s struggle for existence. Looters that robbed women, children, and weak men right after the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake didn’t provoke the earthquake, but abided by their selfish agenda and took advantage of the quandaries that bedeviled those moments. You see, the shear ruthfulness of the looters, just like the ruthfulness of the ones responsible for the killing of more than one million Iraqis, doesn’t prove anything but the outright selfish nature of the human being and nothing else. In order to prove US Administration’s implication in the planning of 9/11 you need more than this contingency of events and coincidences to happen.
A lot of conspiracy theorists retort to the argument of the impossibility of covering up such a grand-diabolical plan without a couple of whistle blowers whirling out from the sway of the conspirators, by giving examples such as the Manhattan project or the conspiracy of silence surrounding the development of the F-117 Stealth Fighter. The reason that these are not good analogies is that 9/11, unlike the later two, is inherently vulnerable to individual selfishness and does not abide the rules of behavior in a group with individuals that share a common interest. Let’s analyze these two motives one by one!
Individual selfishness shows us that this conspiracy wasn’t impossible because people are so inherently good, but because they are so inherently selfish, greedy and jealous. For such a conspiracy to yield success there must surely have been hundreds of people needed: the engineers that placed explosives on almost all the floors of the 3 buildings that collapsed, the operators that flew the two empty planes into the twin towers from some underground secret base, the shills that masqueraded someone or some act at all TV stations around US, the military personnel that did not scramble any jet fighter in order to intercept the “so obvious hijacked airplanes”, and the list goes on and on. Hundreds of people with hundreds of mindsets and motives for their involvement in this diabolical conspiracy, and no whistle blower until now? There surely must have been some individuals that didn’t get paid enough or didn’t get paid as much as their buddy and would certainly have regained that difference in money by blowing the whistle. Again, the greatest conspiracy of human kind with so much money to be made by any whistle blower and we have yet to be been given the pleasure to meet any of them?
The second motive, the group behavior. The reason there were no whistle blowers on the Manhattan Project or the F-117 Stealth fighter is that there wouldn’t have been anything to gain from by making public that information. Besides some techno-geeks and a certain percentage of the technical press that would have surely devoured the data, the majority of the public wouldn’t have found that news of too much interest. The benefits of being a whistle blower would surely be outnumbered by the risks, including legal ones considering you would be charged with putting your national security on thin ice. So, the good of the group’s (i.e. the country) interests would surely bring more personal benefits than the risk of deserting would have. Now, put side by side the conspiracy of the Manhattan Project with the Conspiracy of 9/11. By being a whistle blower on 9/11 you would surely be seen as a hero not as a traitor, and you would surely have more to benefit because, by the virtue of being the biggest and fiendish conspiracy of them all, all the planet’s eyes are going to be on you. Now ask yourselves: Isn’t it all logical? Isn’t it all clear that if there was a 9/11 Bush Conspiracy there would be a very high probability of there being a whistle blower by now, just as it were in the cases of CIA’s drug smuggling operations, banking cartel corruption cases, 3rd world countries support of terrorist groups, and the list can go on forever?
The reality is that one thing that some of the conspiracy theorists will never get is that the US would have gotten hold of the oil fields one way or another. They would have gone to war with Afghanistan and Iraq without any right just as they did with Bosnia, and in that case there wasn’t any oil involved. In fact you can search the web and find relatively conclusive evidence that that US was preparing to go to war with Afghanistan a couple of months before 9/11.
And yes, 9/11 was because of oil. The CIA and some American corporations felt their presence in Afghanistan way before 2001 and that managed to anger up the wrong kind of people over there. Simple as that.
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Peak Consumption – Or how to mac your way out of plenitude right into scarcity
Oct 23rd
What are the main sets of behaviors which our modern brains are genetically and environmentally wired for? One attentive thinker might curiously ask in what kind of environment do these people (i.e. us) live in order to take a non-shallow attempt at dividing and conquering the issue in question. Some sets of behaviors that yielded some 100.000 years ago in the societies of hunter gatherers tribes from the plains of Africa might be completely untraceable in today’s culture and society.
The fact of the matter is that cultures evolved just like human beings evolved, from so simple beginnings where only people and a small set of tools and rules were needed in order to survive, to societies so perplexing in complexity that no one could knowingly give himself the task of trying to understand how the whole system works and hope to succeed; the days of polymaths are long day gone. Leaving aside my humble intellectual modesty, all systems, no matter how complex they are, are driven and manage to govern themselves by some simple sets of rules. I doubt anyone can deny that this simple axiom is abided by all complex systems which are to be found in the universe we live in.
It just so seems that ancient societies, hunter gatherers tribes, were foremost driven by their most visceral desire also present, though belly-fulled, in every human being living today: the will to survive. The lack of food and resources cemented this basic rule at the base of all the systematization, socialization, and culture development that bedeviled their ancient societal evolution.
But, unlike the days past gone, here we are on this planet, almost 7 billion defiant consumers making a living in the biggest tribe that had ever existed. Survival, although a serious issue in a lot of poor countries, is hardly a prime time audience maker in today’s modern society. If the primal, reptilian, hardcore urge to survive has supposedly long been handled by modern science and technology knack and by the plethora of resources available and ready to be exploited anytime, anywhere, what is the main rule that governs our contemporaries’ dynamic?
Whatever the rule is, it surely makes the wealthy wealthier, and the poor poorer, not by conspiracy but by design. Leaving this minor detail aside, the system managed to produce wonders of technology that could easily be classified as magic, and, antithetically, is responsible for some of the most futilitarian environmental stories ever written in human history. So, if environmental safety may not be one of our main concerns as we burn fossil fuels with the utmost stolidity and without any consideration to their increasing scarcity, if basic personal survival is of no concern either because, as we’ve explained, this issue is almost already solved by society’s specialization of farming and the food system indulged by the vast amounts of petroleum, then what’s the main artificer that drives all of our daily struggle?
Because oil took the burden of daily individual food production out of the prime time of modernistic living, then maybe this meant that our desires had to follow exactly the same rule that each and every other evanescent product of nature follows: they had to evolve, not because the must have started to evolve, but just because oil industry opened up a new landscape, a new set of adaptation opportunities that were never possible before. So, unlike daily survival imposed and restricted by scarcity, daily consumption tendered and given plenty of rope by today’s plenitude of resources is the new main rule by which we engage in our everyday life.
The consumption of objects increases our social status and thus satisfies some of our most primeval urges, the will to socialize, to be liked, respected, feared; all these have effect because they offer us a sense of security and well being. Does a Ferrari and a private plane make a man more sexy? We’ll, you’ll just have to look at the women he’s taking to dinner and you’d probably find out that, obviously, he’s very sexy. And that’s available to women also. How many of us didn’t we hear about the rich old lady having fun with young model Kens? It’s all about the status, that’s why it’s all about consumption now days.
There’s no conspiracy here, there’s no design of society by some evil controlling entity in order to make us consume more, it’s just that our vulnerability to consumption due to behavior that is triggered abnormally by false flags that used to be of necessity thousands and million of years ago makes us unknowingly build the consumption based autonomous system that we live in. And because we’re living in the world of the selfish gene everyone will try to make a living; this is the reason for the distribution of wealth which we see today. Our society is like a flock of birds, never governed by anyone, but driven as a whole by each and every constitutive element; it’s built by each and everyone of us, it was never built for us.
I’ll also make the bold assumption that consumption is the single prime rule by which our today’s society powers itself. That’s why global warming is here, that’s why peak oil is waiting around the corner, that’s why environmental issues have long stopped to be minor problems, and that is why maybe sometime in the future we’ll have to hark back to the survival rule again.
